ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
 ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘

ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘
  • ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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ืฉืืœ ืฉืืœื”ืฉืืœ ื‘ื•ื•ื˜ืกืืคื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ื˜ื”ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ืช
ืฉืืœื”
ืฉืœื•ื, ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื—ื’ ื”ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช, ืžื”ื ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘?
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
ื‘ืก"ื“ ืฉืœื•ื ืจื‘, ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืขืค"ื› ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื: ื. ืžืœืื›ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ. ื‘. ื‘ื•ืจืจ. ื’. ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ืชืจื” ื“. ืจื—ื™ืฆื”. ื”. ื”ื•ืฆืื”. ื•. ืžื•ืงืฆื”. ื–. ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื•ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื. ืžืœืื›ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ: ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื‘ืช ืื•ืžืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›, ื˜-ื™): ืฉืึตืฉืึถืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืชึผึทืขึฒื‘ึนื“ ื•ึฐืขึธืฉื‚ึดื™ืชึธ ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึฐืœึทืื›ึฐืชึผึถืšึธ: ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ืฉืึทื‘ึผึธืช ืœึทื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืœึนื ืชึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ื›ึธืœ ืžึฐืœึธืื›ึธื” ื•ื’ื•'. ืœืืžืจ, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื ืืกืจื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืคืจื ืกื” ืื• ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื™ื•ื. ืืžื ื, ืžื” ืฉืืกืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžื” ืฉื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ื›ืžืœืื›ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ืชืคืขื•ืœื•. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืืžืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื‘, ื˜ื–): ื•ึผื‘ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ืžึดืงึฐืจึธื ืงึนื“ึถืฉื ื•ึผื‘ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ืžึดืงึฐืจึธื ืงึนื“ึถืฉื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึฐืœึธืื›ึธื” ืœึนื ื™ึตืขึธืฉื‚ึถื” ื‘ึธื”ึถื ืึทืšึฐ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึตืึธื›ึตืœ ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ื ึถืคึถืฉื ื”ื•ึผื ืœึฐื‘ึทื“ึผื•ึน ื™ึตืขึธืฉื‚ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ื–): ื‘ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ืžึดืงึฐืจึธื ืงึนื“ึถืฉื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึฐืœึถืื›ึถืช ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธื” ืœึนื ืชึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึผ". ืžื›ืืŸ ืœืžื“ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืžืœืื›ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ ืžื•ืชืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘. ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื: ื™ืฉ 'ืžืœืื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”' ื•ื™ืฉ 'ืžืœืื›ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ' (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืขืœ ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ื–). ืžืœืื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื ื” ืœื”ื ืื” ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืืœื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืคืจื ืกื” ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืžืกื—ืจ. ื”ืžื“ื“ ืœืžืœืื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ื• ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืืœื ืข"ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืื• ืฉืงื•ื ื” ืžืื—ืจื™ื. ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืคื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช (ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืœ' ื™ื•"ื˜ ื, ื”) . ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘. ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ืŸ ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ืจื”, ืงืฆื™ืจื”, ื˜ื—ื™ื ื” ื•ืกื—ื™ื˜ื” . ืืžื ื, ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ืื ื”ืŸ ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื•ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืฉื—ื™ืงืช ืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื (ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืงื“, ื). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืœ ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืื›ืœื™ื, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ึตืขึทืฉื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื ื™ืคื’ื ื˜ืขื ื”ืžืื›ืœ, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืขื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืฆืžื•, ืื"ื› ืœื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืื• ืฉื›ื— (ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืฆื”, ื). ืื ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืžืื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืข"ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื˜ืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืื ืฉืขืชื• ื“ื—ื•ืงื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืœื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ (ืž"ื‘ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืฆื”, ืก"ืง ื™). ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืฉืœ, ืœื˜ื’ืŸ ืื• ืœืืคื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช, ืืฃ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืกืขื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืฉืœ, ืœื˜ื’ืŸ, ืœืืคื•ืช, ืœืœื•ืฉ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช.2 ื‘ื•ืจืจ: ืžืœืื›ืช ื‘ื•ืจืจ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžืื›ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœ. ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืžื•ืชืจืช ืจืง ืื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’' ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ื. ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืœื ืคืกื•ืœืช. ื‘. ื‘ื™ื“ ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœื™. ื’. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ. (ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื˜, ื). ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืœื ืžืœืื›ืช ื‘ืจื™ืจื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื—ืœื™ื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจ. ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ืืกื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ื• ื”ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื™ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื” ืฉื ืฆืจืš ืœืื•ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ ื”ืชื™ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืžื•ืชืจืช ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืกื•ืœืช ืžืื•ื›ืœ, ืืš ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืจื—ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ืช. ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืคืกื•ืœืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื•ื›ืœ ืืš ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืชื•, ื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ (ืชืงื™, ื‘). ืชื ืื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ืชึตืขึทืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœื›ืš , ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื•ืชืจ (ืฉื). ืืžื ื ืื ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœืกืขื•ื“ื” ื•ืœืฆืจื›ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœืคืŸ, ืžื•ืชืจ (ืฉืฉ"ื› ื“, ื™ื ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ื›ื˜ ). ืื ืฉื›ื—ื• ืœื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื™ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ืจื›ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื›ืš (ืž"ื‘ ืชืง"ื™ ืก"ืง ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืžื’"ื). ืื ื”ืžืื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื” ืฉื ื‘ืจืจ ื‘ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืš ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ (ืฉื ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ื“"ื” ืื™ืŸ ืžืกื ื ื™ืŸ). ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ืชืจื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื•ืชืจื” ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš: ื›ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžืœืื›ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืื•ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื ืงืจื ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ 'ืžืชื•ืš'. ื•ื–ื” ื”ืกื‘ืจื•: ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื™ื‘, ื) ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ 'ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ืชืจื” ื”ื‘ืขืจื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื’ื ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘'. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื’ื ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ื•ืชืจื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืจื”. ืืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืฆื•ืจืš, ืืš ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื™ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• โ€“ ืืกื•ืจ (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืงื™ื— ื). ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื‘ืขืจื”, ืฉืืข"ืค ืฉืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจืช, ืืกืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•"ื˜. ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืืฉ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ืœื‘ืฉืœ ื•ื›ื•' (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืงื‘, ื. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืž"ื‘ ืฉื˜ืขื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืข"ื™ ืžืœืื›ื” ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ื•"ื˜). ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ื™ื•"ื˜ ื ืจ ื ืฉืžื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืืฉ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื’ื– ืื• ื ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื’ (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืจ"ื”). ืจื—ื™ืฆื”: ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืจื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžืฉื•ื: ื—ืฉืฉ ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžื™ื ื•ื—ืฉืฉ ืกื—ื™ื˜ื”. ืืš ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืงืœ. ื•ื ืคืจื˜: ืจื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช: ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืฉื‘ืช (ืž, ื) ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืกืจื• ืขืœ ืจื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืœื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืชื™ืคืขืœื• ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืจื—ืฅ, ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืจืช ืืฉ, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื’ืžื•ืจ, ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช. ืืžื ื, ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื—ืžื• ืžืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืš ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ืœื ื™ื ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืขืฆืžื” ื•ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืืœื• ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื—ืžื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช. ื›ืš ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ื•ืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืขื“ ืฉืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื”: ืืกื•ืจ ืœืจื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื—ืžื• ืข"ื™ ืืฉ ืืš ืžื” ืฉื—ื•ืžื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื›ื—ืžื™ ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื”, ืžื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืจื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืฆื•ื ืŸ. ื•ื›ืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช (ืฉื›ื•, ื) ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืจื—ื•ืฅ (ื‘ื™ืŸ ืข"ื™ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืข"ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ) ื‘ื—ืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื•ื—ืžื• ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช. ืืš ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœืจื—ื•ืฅ ืžืงืฆืช ื’ื•ืคื•, ื‘ืžื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืžืžื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช. ืืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” (ื“"ื” ื‘ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื—ืžื•) ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืขืง"ื ืฉื‘ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืœื ื’ื–ืจื• ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ืจื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ื—ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื—ืžื• ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช. ืืžื ื ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” (ืก"ืง ื›ื) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžื—ืฉืฉ ืกื—ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืืกื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืจื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ื ื”ืจ ืื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื”. ืืš ื‘ื ื™ ืกืคืจื“ ืœื ืงื‘ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ืฆื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืืš ื™ื–ื”ืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ืกื—ื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื•ื”ืžื’ื‘ืช (ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื›ื•, ื’). ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ื ื™ ืืฉื›ื ื– ื›ื™ื•ื: ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืงืœื—ืช ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจืช ื”ืžืงืœื—ืช ื‘ืฆื•ื ืŸ ืื• ืœื. ื“ืขืช ื—ื–ื•"ื ื•ืžื ื—ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง (ื•, ืœื‘) ืฉืืกื•ืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื—ืฉืฉ ืกื—ื™ื˜ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืœื—ืช. ืืš ื“ืขืช ื”ืื’"ืž (ืื•"ื— ื—"ื“ ืขื”; ื•ื›"ื› ื”ืžื ื—"ื™ ื”ื "ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื) ืฉืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืงืœื— ื‘ืฆื•ื ืŸ, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฆืขืจ. ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืจื—ื•ืฅ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืจื—ื™ืฆื” ืœืชืขื ื•ื’ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ืืกื•ืจื•ืช. ืืš ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื—ื ืื• ื–ื™ืขื” ืจื‘ื”, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฅ ื‘ืงืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช (ืฉืœื ื™ืกื—ื•ื˜ ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™, ื•ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืชืœื™ืฉืช ืฉืขืจื•ืช). ืจื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘: ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืฉื‘ืช (ื”ื "ืœ) ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื—ืžื• ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืชืงื™ืคื” ื’ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘. ื“ืขืช ืจื™"ืฃ, ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื‘ืช ืืš ืœื ืœื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื›ืŸ: ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื—ื ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจื—ื™ืฆืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ ืืš ื‘ืžื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืžืžื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžื•ืชืจืช ืจื—ื™ืฆืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ืจื—ื™ืฆื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืจื—ืฅ. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืจื—ื™ืฆื” ืžื•ืขื˜ืช ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื•, ื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื• ืžื•ืชืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื—ืžื ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•"ื˜ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ. ื•ื›"ืค ืฉื•"ืข (ืชืงื™ื, ื‘). ื“ืขืช ืจื"ืฉ ื•ืชื•ืก' ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช ื—ืœื•ืช ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืžื ื‘ื™ื•"ื˜ ืขืฆืžื• ืืš ื’ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื—ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•"ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืจื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื•, ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืจื—ืฅ. ื•ื›"ืค ืจืž"ื (ืฉื). ื•ื›' ืž"ื‘ ืฉืื‘ืจ ืื‘ืจ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืจื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•"ื˜ ื‘ื—ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื—ืžื• ืžืขืจื‘ ื™ื•"ื˜. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›' ืฉืืข"ืค ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ืขืช ืฉื•"ืข, ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืืกื•ืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’. ื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื›ื™ื•ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฅ ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืจื—ื™ืฆื” ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ, ืžื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื—ื ืžื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืจื—ื™ืฆื”. ื•ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื. ืืš ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื”ืจื—ื™ืฆื” ื”ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืื–ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื—ื ืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื—ื™ืฆืช ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืคื•, ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืž"ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืข"ื™ ืžื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืžืžื• ืžืขืจื‘ ื™ื•"ื˜. ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืจื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืžืžื• ื‘ื™ื•"ื˜ ืขืฆืžื•, ืื ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืžืžื• ื‘ื™ื•"ื˜ ืข"ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืžืฉ, ืฉื“ื™ื ื ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืžืžื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช (ืฉืฉ"ื› ื™ื“, ื’; ื—ื–ื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื˜ ืขืž' ืžื). ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืจื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•"ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืจืž"ื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืจื—ืฅ. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื: ื‘ืฉื‘ืช โ€“ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ืžืงืœื—ืช ืงืจื” ืื• ืคื•ืฉืจืช ืืฃ ืœืœื ืฉืขืช ืฆื•ืจืš. ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืกืชื ืžืงืœื—ืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ โ€“ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืงืœื— ื‘ื—ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื—ืžื• ืžืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ื‘ืžื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืžืžื• ื‘ื™ื•"ื˜ ืข"ื™ ื“ื•ื“-ืฉืžืฉ. ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื ืข"ื™ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื—ื•ืžื ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•"ื˜, ื•ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืงืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืœืกืžื•ืš. ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื™ืชืงืœื—ื• ืœื ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืืœื ื‘ืขืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื—ื™ืฆืช ืื‘ืจ ืœืื‘ืจ. ื”ื•ืฆืื”: ืฉื‘ืช: ื›ืš ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื‘, ื—) ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ืฆืื”: ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืžืจืฉื•ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ืžืื‘ื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืขื ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืžืคื™ ืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™ ื ืืžืจื•, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืฉ ื•ืืฉื” ืืœ ื™ืขืฉื• ืขื•ื“ ืžืœืื›ื” ืœืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ืงื“ืฉ ื•ื™ื›ืœื ื”ืขื ืžื”ื‘ื™ื, ื”ื ืœืžื“ืช ืฉื”ื”ื‘ืื” ืžืœืื›ื” ืงื•ืจื ืื•ืชื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ื• ืžืคื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื” ืฉื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืช ืืจื‘ืข ืœืกื•ืฃ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžืจืฉื•ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘. ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืžืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืื• ืœื”ื™ืคืš. ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืจื”"ื™ ืื• ื›ืจื”"ืจ ื ืงืจื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื›ืจืžืœื™ืช ื•ืืกืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืื• ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืจื”"ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืจื”"ืจ . ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื“' ืืžื•ืช. ืื ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืื• ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื—ืคืฅ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืื• ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ืœืื“ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ, ื•ื—ืคืฅ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืื• ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›'ืžืฉื•ื™' ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื•. ืื ืื“ื ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืื• ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื™ืฉืชื• ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืžืฉื•ื™ ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจื• ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืžื” ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืื• ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ (ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื, ื“"ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื): ื. ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืื“ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืžืžื ื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืชื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืžื ื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื•. ื‘. ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืจืคื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืžื ื•, ื•ืฉืžื ื™ืจื™ืžื ื•ื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื. ื’. ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื”ืื“ื ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ืœืขื’ื• ืœื• ืขืœ ืœื‘ื•ืฉื• ืื• ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื• ื™ื•ืจื™ื“ ืžื—ืžืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื•ื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœ. ื“. ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืืกื•ืจื” (ืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ). ื”. ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”, ื•ืืกืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืืฉื” ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื”ื ืฉืžื ืฉื‘ืช ืื—ืช ืชื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœื” ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ื•ื›ืฉืชื•ืจื™ื“ื ืชื˜ืœื˜ืœื. ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘: ืคืกืง ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ืชืงื™ื—, ื) ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœ 'ืžืชื•ืš' ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื™ื, ื›ืš ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื•ืฆืื”. ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•"ื˜ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืื•ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ ื›ืš ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืœืœ. ืืš ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” (ื“"ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ืชืจื” ื”ื•ืฆืื”) ืฉืืฃ ื”ืฉื•"ืข ืœื ื”ืชื™ืจ ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืฆื•ืจืš. ื•ืžื” ื ืงืจื ืœืฆื•ืจืš? ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฆืจืš ืœื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ , ื•ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืคืกื“ ืžืžื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื“ื—ืง ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ (ื”ืกื‘ืจื ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืกืจืช ื”ื“ืื’ื” ืžื”ืคืกื“ ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ืขื•ื ื’ ื™ื•"ื˜). ืžื•ืงืฆื”: ื›ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื•ืงืฆื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืš ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื: ื. ื™ืฉื ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื›'ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืžื—ืžืช ื’ื•ืคื•' ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื: ืงืžื—, ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื” ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืฉืจ ื—ื™ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ. ื‘. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ืช ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืกื™ืจื™ื, ืืš ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ืžื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื "ืœ. ื’. ื›ืœื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ืœื”ื˜, ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœ'ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืžื—ืžืช ื’ื•ืคื•' ืืš ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืฉ ืข"ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” (ืœื ื”ื‘ืขืจื”) ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•ืงืฆื”, ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืชื. ื“. ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืืกื•ืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืฉื•ื ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื (ื›ืœื™ ืฉืžืœืื›ืชื• ืœื”ื™ืชืจ/ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืก, ื’ื•ืคื• ื›ื•') ื•ืืฃ ืื ื ืฆืจืš ื”ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ. ืืš ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงื–, ื“; ืจืž"ื ืชืงื˜, ื–; ืฉืฉ"ื› ืคื›"ื ื”ืขืจื” ื”). ื™ืฉ ืœืกื™ื™ื’ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืชื ืื™ื: ื. ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ โ€“ ื›ืš ื™ืขืฉื” (ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืจืœื—, ืกืข' ื‘ ื“"ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘). ื‘. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ื”ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืงืฆื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ื‘ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ืงืฆื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ ืฉื ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื”ืขืฅ (ืชืงื˜, ืž"ื‘ ืก"ืง ืœื). ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืชื‘ืืจื• ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืงืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื‘ืืจ ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืช. ื”. ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉื ื ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืžื—ืžืช ืžื™ืื•ืก ื•ื‘ืžื•ืงืฆื” 'ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื' ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืกื—ื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื• ืื™-ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ. ื‘ื™ื•"ื˜ ื“ืขืช ื”ืฉื•"ืข ืฉืืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงืฆื™ื ื”ื "ืœ ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืงืฆื” ื ื•ืœื“. ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื ืจืง ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืžื—ืžืช ื ื•ืœื“ ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•"ื˜ (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืขืจื”) . ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื•ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื: ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืจืฆื, ื) ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืฉืชื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืชืงื›ื˜, ื). ืืžื ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื‘ื“ืœื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื™ื•"ื˜ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื”ื™ื•"ื˜. ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”ื. ืืžื ื, ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืขื“ื” ืœืคื™ ืžื ื”ื’ื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื’ืคืŸ, ื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ื ืจ ื•ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืœ. ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืจืง ื”ื’ืคืŸ ื•ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ.
ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืืŸ ืœืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืฉืืœื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื•
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ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ ืงืคืงื”

ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื™ืจ, ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื" ืชืคื•ื—
ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘
ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘
ืฉืืœื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช
ืฉืืœื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช
ืฉืืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
ืฉืืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื“ื•ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื“ื•ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืคืจื•ืค' ื ืจื™ื” ื’ื•ื˜ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืคืจื•ืค' ื ืจื™ื” ื’ื•ื˜ืœ
  • ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืืจืฅ
     ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืืจืฅ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ื“ืกืจ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ื“ืกืจ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืื•
     ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืื•
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื˜
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื˜
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืœื™ืขื“ ืื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ
    ื”ืจื‘ ืœื™ืขื“ ืื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ
ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืœื•ืช
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il