ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืฉื™ื
  • ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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16 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ื—ื ื” ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ื

ื - ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”
ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœืš ืžืœื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืงื‘"ื”, ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืฉืืฃ ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื•ืžืจืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืงื‘ืขื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”' ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืคืกื•ืข ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” (ืจืž"ื ืฆื”, ื). ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง "ื”' ืฉืคืชื™ ืชืคืชื—", ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื—ืœืง ืžืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื”.
ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืื• ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื™ื—ื“ื” ืœื›ืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืคืกืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ืชื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืคืกื•ืข ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ืกืžื•ืš ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” (ืืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื”). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉื’ื ืžื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืชืคื™ืœืชื”, ืื ืขื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืื– ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืชืคื™ืœืชื” ื•ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ, ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืชืคืกืข ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ื” ืกืžื•ืš ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ืชืคื™ืœืชื” (ื‘ื"ื— ื‘ืฉืœื— ื’; ื›ื”"ื— ืฆื”, ื–). ืื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืคืกื•ืข ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช ื•ืžื™ื“ ืื—"ื› ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ื, ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื“ืจ ื‘ื–ื”, ืชืงื“ื™ื ื•ืชืคืกืข ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ืื—ืจ ืฉืชืžืชื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜, ืชืคืกืข ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” (ืžื ื”ื’ ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ, ืž"ื‘ ืฆื”, ื’).

ื‘ - ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื
ื‘ืขืช ืืžื™ืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืžืชืคืœืœ ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ื• ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืฆื”. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื›ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืคื ื™ื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื—ืจ ื”' ืœื”ืฉืจื•ืช ืืช ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืคื ื™ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืœื‘ื™ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื•ืื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืคื ื™ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ืœืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืœื‘ื™ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืคื ื™ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœ, ื; ืฉื•"ืข ืฆื“, ื).
ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื, ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ ืœืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ, ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ.
ื•ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืคื•ื ื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™ืคื ื• ื’ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ืืžื ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ืžื—ืžืช ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื• ืื•ื ืก ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ื”ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ืž"ื‘ ืฆื“, ื˜). ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื, ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.
ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืคื•ื ื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชืชืคืœืœ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืจืฆื”, ื•ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื” ืœืื‘ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืฆื“, ื’). ื•ืืฃ ืื ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื” ืื—"ื› ืฉื˜ืขืชื”, ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. 1

ื’ - ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื•ืช
ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื™ืฉื ื• ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื”, ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื•ืžืจื” ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื”. ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืžืจืืฉื• ื•ืขื“ ืจื’ืœื™ื•, ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื™ืจืื” ื•ืœืื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื›ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ืžืš ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืงืฆืช, ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืื™ืžื”. ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืฉื” ื—ืœืฉื” ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื—ื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ, ืชืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขื˜, ื›ืš ืฉื’ื ืื ืชื™ื ื˜ืœ ืคืชืื•ื ืžืฉืขื ืชื”, ืœื ืชื™ืคื•ืœ, ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืื™ืžื”, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžืชืคืœืœืช ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืฆื“, ื—; ืž"ื‘ ื›ื‘).
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ื™ืจืื• ื›ืจื’ืœ ืื—ืช. ื”ื˜ืขื ืœื›ืš, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืคื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืฉื‘ืื“ื, ื•ื’ื ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืจื™ืฆื” ืื—ืจ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื ืœืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืฆื“ ืื’ื•ื“ืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืื ื• ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืžืคื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉื”ืฆืžื“ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื™ื™ืจืื• ื›ืจื’ืœ ืื—ืช, ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ืืกื™ืคืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ื•, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืœื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื—ื“, ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื•ืœืžื“ื• ื–ืืช ืžื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื, ื–): "ื•ึฐืจึทื’ึฐืœึตื™ื”ึถื ืจึถื’ึถืœ ื™ึฐืฉืึธืจึธื”", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืจื’ืœ ืื—ืช (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™, ื‘; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืค"ื ื”"ื; ื•ืขื™' ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•).
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืืช ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืจืื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื›ืจื’ืœ ืื—ืช, ื•ืœื ื›ืื•ืชื ืฉืžืฆืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืงื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืฉื•"ืข ืฆื”, ื, ืชืจ"ื™). ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ืื ื”ืชืคืœืœื” ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืคืกื•ืงื•ืช - ื™ืฆืื” (ืž"ื‘ ื, ื›ื”"ื— ื‘). ื•ืžื™ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื” ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ื”, ืชืฆืžื™ื“ื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ.
ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืžื•ื“, ืชืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื•ืื ื’ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื”, ืชืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื” (ืž"ื‘ ืฆื“, ื›ื–, ื›ื”"ื— ืœื“).
ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉื ืืœืฆื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื• ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื”, ืชืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ื” ื•ืœื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ืจืืฉื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื•ืช. ืžื™ ืฉื ืืœืฆืช ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื›ืกื ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื, ื›ืฉืชืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืชื”, ืชืกื™ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืžืขื˜ ืœืื—ืจื™ื”, ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืžื”ืชืคื™ืœื” (ืขืค"ื™ ืจืž"ื ืฆื“, ื”).

ื“ - ืชื ื•ื—ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
ื”ืžืชืคืœืœืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื›ื•ืฃ ืžืขื˜ ืืช ืจืืฉื”, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื” ืœืžื˜ื” ื“ืจืš ืขื ื•ื•ื”, ื•ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืœืฉืžื™ื (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืงื”, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืฆื”, ื‘).
ืฉื‘ื—ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช. ืืžื ื ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœืช ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื• ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ (ืž"ื‘ ืฆื”, ื”; ื›ื”"ื— ื˜-ื™; ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืื•"ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืืž"ืจ).
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื”ืœ' ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”, ื“), ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืชื ื™ื— ื™ื“ื™ื” ืขืœ ืœื™ื‘ื” ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื›ืคื•ืชื•ืช, ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ ืฉืžืืœ, ื•ื›ืš ืชืขืžื•ื“ ื›ืขื‘ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืจื‘ื•, ื‘ืื™ืžื” ื•ื‘ื™ืจืื”. ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ื”'ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ-ืขืจื•ืš' (ืฆื”, ื’), ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืจ"ื™ (ื›ื”"ื— ืฆื”, ื™ื‘). ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ื• ื›ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืื—ืจืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืื“ื•ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ืฉื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืื—ืจื™ ื’ื‘ื, ืœืจืžื•ื– ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื ืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• (ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ืื‘ื•ื”ื‘ ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื‘"ื™, ืž"ื‘ ืฆื”, ื•). ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื“ืจืš ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ, ืื• ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืื•ื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ, ืื• ืžื•ื ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, ืฉื’ื ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืกื™ื, ืื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืชื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื›ืš ืœืคื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ืขื ืข ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืž"ื (ืื•"ื— ืžื—, ืž"ื‘ ืฆื”, ื–), ืฉื›ืš ืจืื•ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืขื“ื” ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืžืชืคืœืœ, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืง (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืœื”, ื™): "ื›ึผึธืœ ืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึนืชึทื™ ืชึผึนืืžึทืจึฐื ึธื” ื”' ืžึดื™ ื›ึธืžื•ึนืšึธ". ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืฉืœ"ื” ื›ืชื‘, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื ื“ื ื“ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืœื ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืชื ื•ืขืข, ื•ืื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืื“ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœืš ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื ื•ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื“ื ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืคื•, ื”ืจื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื™ื’ืจืฉื ื• ืžื™ื“ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืš ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื•ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชื ื•ืขืข, ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ืื• ื‘ืขืช ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื‘ื—ื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš, ืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื ื•ืขืข ื›ืœืœ (ืฉืœ"ื” ืžืกื›ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”). ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ืœ ืžื ื”ื’ ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื” ืœืกืžื•ืš, ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื•ื•ื ืชื” (ืž"ื, ืž"ื‘ ืžื—, ื”; ื•ืขื™' ื›ื”"ื— ืžื—, ื–-ื˜).

ื” - ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”
ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื›ืจื•ืข ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืื‘ื•ืช' ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื”, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืžื•ื“ื™ื' ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื”, ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื›ืฉืคื•ืกืขื™ื ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช. ื•ืชืงื ื• ืœื›ืจื•ืข ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช 'ืื‘ื•ืช' ื•'ืžื•ื“ื™ื', ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ (ืขื™' ืฉื•"ืข ืงื, ื; ืž"ื‘ ื’). ืื“ื ืฉื‘ื ืœื›ืจื•ืข ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืจืช ืื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื”, ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืจืข, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืขืงื•ืจ ืืช ืชืงื ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ืฉืœื ื™ืจืื” ื›ืžืชื’ืื” ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืขืฆืžื• ืœืฆื“ื™ืง ืžืื—ืจื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืจื•ืข (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ื’, ื; ืž"ื‘ ื‘; ืขื™' ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™ื–, 3).
ื›ื•ืจืขื™ื ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื”", ื•ื–ื•ืงืคื™ื ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”'. ื•ื‘'ืžื•ื“ื™ื', ื›ื•ืจืขื™ื ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืš", ื•ื–ื•ืงืคื™ื ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”' (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ื’, ื–; ืž"ื‘ ื™ื‘. ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื” ืฉื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืชื‘ื•ืืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื).
ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื™ืชืคื•ืงืงื• ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฉื“ืจื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื™ื‘ืœื˜ื• ื‘ื’ื‘. ื•ืชื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ืจืืฉื” ืขื“ ืฉืคื ื™ื” ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื”ืžื•ืชื ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืชื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ืจืืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืจื™ืขื” ื™ืชื™ืจื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื”ืจื. ื•ืชื›ืจืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืชื” ืœื›ืจื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”' ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื•ื›ืฉืชื–ื“ืงืฃ - ืชื–ื“ืงืฃ ืœืื˜, ื›ืžื™ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื›ืจื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ื’, ื•). ื•ื–ืงื ื” ืื• ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื” ืœื”ืชื›ื•ืคืฃ, ืชืจื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืจืืฉื” ื›ืคื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ื’, ื”).
ืฉื ื™ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื”: ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–, ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื‘ืจื•ืš" ื›ื•ืจืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืืชื”" ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื™ืชืคื•ืงืงื• ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช. ื•ื‘'ืžื•ื“ื™ื', ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” "ื‘ืจื•ืš", ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืœื ืœื›ื•ืคืฃ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื™ื™ื (ืž"ื‘ ืงื™ื’, ื™ื‘; ื•ืขื™' ืงืฆื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื—, ื). ื•ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ืœื›ืจื•ืข ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ื•ืคืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ (ื‘ืœื ืœื›ื•ืคืฃ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื™ื™ื) ื•ืื—"ื› ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื–ืงื™ืคื”, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื–ื•ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ืื—"ื› ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ (ื›ื”"ื— ืงื™ื’, ื›ื).

ื• - ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืœื—ืฉ
ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžืชืคื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื ื”, ืฉืขืžื“ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืžื”' ืฉื™ืคืงื“ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืŸ, ื•ื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืชืคื™ืœืชื” ื•ื–ื›ืชื” ื•ื ื•ืœื“ ืœื” ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ืข"ื”. ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•"ื ื, ื™ื’): "ื•ึฐื—ึทื ึผึธื” ื”ึดื™ื ืžึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึถืจึถืช ืขึทืœ ืœึดื‘ึผึธื”ึผ, ืจึทืง ืฉื‚ึฐืคึธืชึถื™ื”ึธ ื ึผึธืขื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืงื•ึนืœึธื”ึผ ืœึนื ื™ึดืฉึผืึธืžึตืขึท", ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื: "ืžึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึถืจึถืช ืขึทืœ ืœึดื‘ึผึธื”ึผ - ืžื›ืืŸ ืœืžืชืคืœืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื•, ืจึทืง ืฉื‚ึฐืคึธืชึถื™ื”ึธ ื ึผึธืขื•ึนืช - ืžื›ืืŸ ืœืžืชืคืœืœ ืฉื™ื—ืชื•ืš ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ื•, ื•ึฐืงื•ึนืœึธื”ึผ ืœึนื ื™ึดืฉึผืึธืžึตืขึท - ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ื” ืงื•ืœื• ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื•" (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื, ื).
ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ืœื‘ื˜ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”' ืืช ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืื•ืžืจื” ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื•ืœื—ื•ืฉืคื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ. ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื›ืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”. ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืงืœืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื.
ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื”, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืœื—ืฉ: ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ืคื•ืกืงื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืžืงืฆืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื”ืžืชืคืœืœืช ืชืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ืงื•ืœื” ืœืื•ื–ื ื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืจืง ื”ื™ื ืชืฉืžืข ืืช ืงื•ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื›ื ื™ื” ืฉืœืฆื™ื“ื” ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื•ืžืขื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื, ื‘; ืž"ื‘ ื”-ื•). ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืขื“ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื•ื–ื ื” ืœื ืชืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ืงื•ืœื”, ืืœื ืจืง ืชื—ืชืš ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ื” (ื›ื”"ื— ืงื, ื—). ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืžืชืคืœืœืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉื‘ื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ื’ื ื”ืžืฉืžื™ืขื” ืืช ืงื•ืœื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื”, ื™ืฆืื” ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื”. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืฉื” ืฉืžืชืงืฉื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื—ืฉ, ืื ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ืœื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืคืจื™ืขื” ืœืžืชืคืœืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื, ื‘). ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืื– ืœื ืชื’ื‘ื™ื” ืืช ืงื•ืœื”, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืœื• ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื• ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื”ืฉืงืจ, ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืœื•ื”ื™ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“-ืฉืžื™ืขื”, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆืขื•ืง ืืœื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืžืขื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื“, ื‘).
ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ื” ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืฉืžื ืžืชืคืœืœืช ืื—ืช ืชืคืจื™ืข ืœื—ื‘ืจืชื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื›ื•ืœื ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื, ื’). ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื•ื“ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืœื—ืฉ.
ื‘ืฉืืจ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื›ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื•ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื“ื–ืžืจื”, ืฉืื™ื ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื›ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืžืชืคืœืœืช ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ืงื•ืœื” ืœืื•ื–ื ื”, ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ื” ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ. ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ืื ืจืง ื—ื™ืชื›ื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ื” ื‘ืœื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ืงื•ืœื” ืœืื•ื–ื ื” - ื™ืฆืื”, ื•ืื ืงืจืื” ื‘ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ื” - ืœื ื™ืฆืื”.

ื– - ื‘ื›ืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช (ืกื•ื˜ื” ืœื‘, ื), ืื•ืœื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืืช ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ื‘ื” ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื.
ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื”ืžืชืคืœืœืช ื‘ื” ืืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื”, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื•ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” - ื™ืฆืื” ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื”. ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืื—ืจืช, ืฉืจืง ืื ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื”, ืชืฆื ื‘ื” ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื” (ืž"ื‘ ืงื, ื™ื“; ืงื›ื“, ื‘).
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืฉื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ, ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ืฉื‘ื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ; ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืื ืชืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืžืขืœื” ืฉื”ืชืคืœืœื” ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ (ืขื™' ื‘ืื•"ื” ืงื, ื“, ื›ื”"ื— ื˜ื–). 2
ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ื”ื•ืจืืช ืฉืขื”, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื• ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืกื“ืจ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉื™ืชืคืœืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื–ืจื”. ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื˜ืื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื™ื, ืฉืชืจื’ืžื• ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื• ืžื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืคืชื—ื• ืœื”ื ืคืชื— ืจื—ื‘ ืœืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช (ื—ืช"ืก ืื•"ื— ืคื“, ืคื•; ืž"ื‘ ืงื, ื™ื’).

ื— - ื›ื•ื•ื ื”
ื”ืžืชืคืœืœืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืชืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืชืฉืชื“ืœ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืกื™ื— ืืช ื“ืขืชื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื•ืื ืขืœื• ื‘ืžื•ื—ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืชืกืœืงืŸ ืžื“ืขืชื” ื•ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ. ื•ืืฃ ืื ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ืชืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ืื ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ืชืชืืžืฅ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืื‘ื•ืช' ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืžื•ื“ื™ื', ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืจืขื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชืŸ ื•ืกื•ืคืŸ. ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืื‘ื•ืช', ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื, ื, ื•ืž"ื‘ ื-ื’).
ื”ืžืชืคืœืœืช ื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืื‘ื•ืช', ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ, ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืื‘ื•ืช' ืžืขื›ื‘ืช. ืืœื ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื˜ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื ื—ืœืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืฉืืฃ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืชืฉื›ื— ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘'ืื‘ื•ืช' ื•ื—ื–ืจืชื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื (ืจืž"ื ืงื, ื, ื›ื”"ื— ื“). ืืžื ื ืžื™ ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืฉืžืจื•ื‘ ื˜ืจื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืื‘ื•ืช', ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืœื ืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ, ื•ืชืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ. 3
ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืื‘ื•ืช' ื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื” ื“ืขืชื” ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ืืžืจื” ืืช ืฉื ื”' ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืชื”, ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืž"ืืœื•ื”ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื" ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” (ืž"ื‘ ืงื, ื“, ื‘ืฉื ื—"ื). ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจื” ืฉื ื”', ืชื—ืชื•ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”. ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืื‘ื•ืช', ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื•ืžืจ "ืืชื” ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ" - ืชืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื”, ื•ืชืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืžื•ื“ื™ื', ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘'ืžื•ื“ื™ื' ืžืชืงื ืช ืืช ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘'ืื‘ื•ืช'.

ื˜ - ืกื“ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื”
ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื ื—ืœืงืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื: ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื, ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื“ืื”. ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ ืฉืžืกื“ืจ ืฉื‘ื— ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื›ื•, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื“ ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืขื‘ื“ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืคืจืก ืžืžืœื›ื• ื•ื ืคื˜ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื• (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื“, ื).
ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžืชืคื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”, ืฉืคืชื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ื ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื‘, ื, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื˜ื•, ื’). ื‘ืœื ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืชืคื™ืœืชื ื• ืชื“ืžื” ืœืคื•ืœื—ื ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ืฉื›ืœ ืžื’ืžืชื ืœืชืžืจืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื’ื™ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืขืœืชื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”' ื•ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื• ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื ื•, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืœื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ืฉืžื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื-ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ื•ืจื, ืžื›ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืกื“, ืžื—ื™ื” ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ื-ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• (ืขื™' ืขื•ืœืช ืจืื™ื” ื—"ื ืขืž' ื™ื“).
ื•ืื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื‘ืื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืคืœืœ, ืืœื ืขื™ืงืจืŸ ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”' ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื”ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ืคืจื ืกื” ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื•ืืœื• ื”ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื: ื—ื›ืžื”, ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืกืœื™ื—ื”, ื’ืื•ืœื”, ืจืคื•ืื”, ืคืจื ืกื”, ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื›ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื ืื™ื, ื•ืœืขื•ืžืชื ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ืขืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”.
ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืื ื• ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”' ืžื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช. ื•ืขื™ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช. ืœืคื ื™ื” ืื ื• ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ื, ืฉื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืœื™ ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืกื“ืจืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆื (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื’, ื).
ื›ืืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช. ืืœื ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื›ืฉืชืงื ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื•ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืฉื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื, ืขืงื‘ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื” ืœืฉื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืœืฉื™ื ื™ื. 4

ื™ - ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”
ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื›ืœืœื• ืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื—ื›ืžืชื ื•ื‘ืจื•ื— ืงื•ื“ืฉื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื“ืงื“ืงื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื•ืžื™ืœื” ืขื“ ืฉืชืงื ื• ื ื•ืกื— ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืคืš ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืจื•ืžื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืœืขื™ืœ ื, ื•).
ื•ืืข"ืค ื›ืŸ, ืื ืชืจืฆื” ื”ืžืชืคืœืœืช ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื•ืช - ืจืฉืื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืฉื‘ื—ื™ ื”', ื•ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื•ื“ืื”, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขืจื‘ ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ื‘, ื; ืงื™ื˜, ื).
ื”ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœื” ืชื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืจืคืื ื•'. ื•ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืคืจื ืกื”, ืชื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ื•ืื ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื™ืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ, ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช. ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื•ืžืข ืชืคื™ืœื”', ืฉื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืชืžืช ืืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื•ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ. ื•ื›ืฉืชื‘ื•ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืžืฉืœื”, ืชืคืชื— ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื•ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื”, ืชื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื”.
ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืืœื ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ืืฃ ืจืฆื•ื™ ืฉื”ืžืชืคืœืœืช ืชื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืื“ื ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื•, ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืขื•ืžืง ื”ืœื‘ ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”. ืืœื ืฉืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืื™, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื‘ืฉื•ืžืข ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืžื›ื•ึผื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื›ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœื” ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœ. ื•ืžื™ ืฉื ื“ื‘ื” ืœื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืชื‘ืงืฉื ืื—ืจ ืฉืชืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ืชืืžืจ "ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ" (ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ), ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืื—ืจื™ "ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ" ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืคืกืขื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”' ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ืชืคื™ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืงื™ื˜, ื‘, ืž"ื‘ ืงื™ื˜, ื™ื‘).
ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืžืชืคืœืœืช ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื‘ืงืฉื•ืชื™ื” ื›ืจืื•ื™. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื–ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืฉืžื•. ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉืžื• ื•ื‘ืฉื ืื™ืžื• ืื• ืื‘ื™ื•. ืืžื ื, ืื ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืœื™ื“ื”, ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืžื•, ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืœืœืช (ืž"ื‘ ืงื™ื˜, ื‘).

ื™ื - ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช
ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืคืกื•ืง "ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ ืคื™ ื•ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื™ ืœืคื ื™ืš ื”' ืฆื•ืจื™ ื•ื’ื•ืืœื™" ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื‘ืงืฉ "ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื ืฆื•ืจ" ื•ื›ื•'. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•, ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชืจืฆื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื, ืฉื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื” ืžืืจื™ืš ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” (ืขื™' ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื, ื).
ืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื, ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ "ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ", ื•ืคื•ืกืขื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”'. ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉื”ืžืชืคืœืœืช ื•ืœื ื ืคืจื“ื” ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืืžื™ืจืช "ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื•ื", ืจืื•ื™ ืœื” ืฉืœื ื”ืชืคืœืœื” (ื™ื•ืžื ื ื’, ื‘). ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ืœื ื ืคืจื“ื” ื›ืจืื•ื™, ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉืขืžื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœืš ืžืœื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืงื‘"ื”, ื•ื ืžืฆืืช ืžื‘ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”.
ืœืคื ื™ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ืชื›ืจืข ื”ืžืชืคืœืœืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื•ืจืขื™ื ื‘'ืžื•ื“ื™ื' (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”), ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืจื™ืขื” ืชืคืกืข ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ืื—"ื› ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืจื™ืขื” ืชืคื ื” ืœืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ื•ืชืืžืจ: "ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืžืจื•ืžื™ื•", ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืจื™ืขื” ืชืคื ื” ืœืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืชืืžืจ: "ื”ื•ื (ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื•) ื™ืขืฉื” ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื ื•", ื•ืื—"ื› ืชืฉืชื—ื•ื•ื” ืœืคื ื™ื ื•ืชืืžืจ: "ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ (ืขืžื•) ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืžืจื• ืืžืŸ", ื•ืชื–ื“ืงืฃ ืœืื˜. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ "ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ" ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืชืžื™ื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื“ (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืž"ื ืงื›ื’, ื).
ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช, ืขื•ืงืจื™ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ืจื’ืœ ืฉืžืืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ื—ืœืฉื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืžื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื•ื›ืœ ืคืกื™ืขื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ืฃ ื”ืจื’ืœ, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืขืงื‘. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืกื“ืจ ื”ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช: ืชืคืกืข ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืจื’ืœ ืฉืžืืœ ืคืกื™ืขื” ืงื˜ื ื”, ืขื“ ืฉืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืจื’ืœ ืฉืžืืœ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืงื‘ ืจื’ืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ืื—"ื› ืชืคืกืข ื‘ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืคืกื™ืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืจื’ืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืงื‘ ืจื’ืœ ืฉืžืืœ. ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืชืคืกืข ื‘ืจื’ืœ ืฉืžืืœ ืคืกื™ืขื” ืงื˜ื ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื. ื•ืชื™ืฉืืจ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ืืžื™ืจืช "ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื•ื".
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉืœื ืœืคืกื•ืข ืคืกื™ืขื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืขืงื‘ ืœืฆื“ ืื’ื•ื“ืœ (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ืฃ ื”ืจื’ืœ), ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืคืกื™ืขื” (ืž"ื). ื•ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืคืกื•ืข ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช, ืคื•ืกืขื™ื ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืกื™ืขื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืฆื“ ืื’ื•ื“ืœ (ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืงื›ื’, ื”). ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง, ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืคืกื•ืข ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช ืื• ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœืคืกื•ืข ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืžื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš (ื‘"ื—, ื•ืขื™' ืž"ื‘ ืงื›ื’, ื™ื“). ืžื ื’ื“, ืื™ืŸ ืœืคืกื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื”ืจื (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื›ื’, ื“, ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™ื–, 9). ื•ื›ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืœื ืœืคืกื•ืข ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืฉืœื ืชื™ืจืื” ื›ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ืžืœืš (ืจืž"ื ืงื›ื’, ื’, ื•ืขื™' ืž"ื‘ ื˜ื–)

ื™ื‘ - ืขื“ ืžืชื™ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืžืงื•ื
ืื—ืจ ืคืกื™ืขืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื•ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืžื™ื“ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืœื‘ ื”ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืงื™ืื• (ื™ื•ืžื ื ื’, ื‘). ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื—ืจ ืฉื ืคืจื“ื” ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื•ื‘ืื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืืคืก ืžืขืฉื”, ื•ืžืจืื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืขืžื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš, ื•ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื” ืžืœืคื ื™ื•. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœื” ืžื’ื•ื ื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื ืžื’ื‘ื™ื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื˜ืขื.
ืืœื ื›ืš ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ: ืื ื”ืžืชืคืœืœืช ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืชืžืชื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื“ืงื” ืขื“ ื“ืงื”, ื•ืื—"ื› ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ. ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ ืœืžืงื•ืžื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืคืจื™ืข ืœืžืขื‘ืจ, ืชืžืชื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื”ืœืš ืืจื‘ืข ืืžื•ืช ื•ืื—"ื› ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ (ืž"ื‘ ืงื›ื’, ื™ื; ื›ื”"ื— ื›). ื•ืื ืื™ื ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืงื•ืžื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืืžื™ืจืช "ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ" ืœืœื›ืช ืœื“ืจื›ื”.
ื”ืžืชืคืœืœืช ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืชืžืชื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื›ืœื• ืคืกื™ืขื•ืชื™ื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ืœืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ืืช ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื›ื’, ื‘). ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ "ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื•ื" (ืž"ื‘ ืงื›ื’, ื•, ื‘ืื•"ื” ื•ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ืฉื). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื“ ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืงื•ื (ืงืฆื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื—, ื™ื’).

ื™ื’ - ื”ื ื•ืกืขืช ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื”
ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืื• ืžื ื—ื”, ื•ื™ืฆืื” ืœื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ืื ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ืช, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื ืกื™ืขื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื•ืืฃ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื—ืฉืฉ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ. ืœื›ืŸ ืชืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฆื“, ื•ืชืชืคืœืœ.
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื ื•ื”ื’, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืžื”ืจืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื—ื•ื– ื—ืคืฆื”, ืื• ืฉื ื•ืกืข ืื—ืจ ืžืžื”ืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื—ื•ื– ื—ืคืฆื•, ืชืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ืขืฆืจื• ืืช ื ืกื™ืขืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ืชื”ื™ื” ื˜ืจื•ื“ื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืชื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœืขื›ื‘ื•, ื•ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืจืื•ื™. ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืชืชืคืœืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• (ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื’), ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื”ืžืชืคืœืœืช ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฆืื” ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื”.
ื•ืืฃ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืœืœืช ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืชืฆืžื™ื“ ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ื” (ืž"ื‘ ืฆื”, ื‘), ื•ืชืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ืž"ื‘ ืฆื“, ื˜ื•), ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื•ืช, ืชื–ื“ืงืฃ ืžืขื˜ ื•ืชื›ืจืข ื›ืคื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืฆื“, ื”; ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ื™ื—).
ื•ืื ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืกืขืช ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืื• ืจื›ื‘ืช, ืฉื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืจื•ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืจืื•ื™, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืชืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื”; ื•ืื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืชื˜ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื”, ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉืช ืžืฉืืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื, ืชืฉื‘ ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืชืชืคืœืœ. ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœืงื•ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืจื•ืข, ืชืงื•ื ื•ืชื›ืจืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืจื•ืข ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืชืฉื‘; ื•ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ, ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืชืคื™ืœืชื” ืชืขืžื•ื“ ื•ืชืคืกืข ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช. 5

ื™ื“ - ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•, ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ื•ืจืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืจืขื™ ืจืฉืื™ ืื“ื ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื”ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ืืฃ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ืื™ื ื• ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ืก, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
ื”ืฉืืœื”, ื”ืื ื’ื ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ืก ืจืฉืื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื”. ืžื™ื“ ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืงืžื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ, ืœืจื•ื—ืฆื, ืœื”ืœื‘ื™ืฉื, ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœื ื•ืœืฉื•ืœื—ื ืœื’ื ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืคืจื ืกืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชืŸ. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืจืฉืื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืืช ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ืชื•ื›ืœื ื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื•.
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืฉื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ืงืฆืจื”, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืชืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื ืชืชืคืœืœ ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื ืื ื•ืกื”, ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉื”, ืชืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื”.
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื›ืืŸ ื•ืœื›ืืŸ, ืจืฉืื™ืช ื›ืœ ืืฉื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื ื”ื•ื’. ืื ืชืจืฆื” ืœื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ื ืกื™ืขืชื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืื ืชืจืฆื”, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ืงืฆืจื”. ื•ืžื™ ืฉืžืกืชืคืงืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื”, ืชืฉืืœ ื—ื›ื. ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืขืžื™ื“ื”, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื” (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™ื–, 14). 6




^ 1.. ืื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื” ืฉื˜ืขืชื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืœืœืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ. ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืž"ื‘ ืฆื“, ื™, ืœื ืชืฉื ื” ืืช ืขืžื™ื“ืชื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ืชื–ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื•ืจืง ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืชืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ื•ืขื™' ื‘ื›ื”"ื— ืฆื“, ื–).
^ 2.. ืืžื ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื™"ืฃ, ืจืง ืžื™ ืฉืžืชืคืœืœืช ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืื—ืจืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉื, ื•ืชืคื™ืœืชื” ืชืชืงื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื” ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ; ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืื—ืจืช, ืชืคื™ืœืชื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช. ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ, ืฉื’ื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืื—ืจืช, ื•ืจืง ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืืจืžื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื ืคืกืง ืœื”ืœื›ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื, ื“, ื›ืคื™ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื™"ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืž"ื‘ ื™ื—).
^ 3.. ื’ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘'ืื‘ื•ืช' ืœื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื™ื–, 5, ื•ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืจืฉืื™ื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘, ื“-ื”. ืขื•ื“ ื™ืขื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื–, 6. ื•ื‘ื™ืืจื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชืคืœืœ ื•ืœื ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” - ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื•, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืฉื‘ืœื™ ื”ืœืงื˜ ื™ื–, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ื›ื”"ื— ืงื, ื“, ื‘ืฉื ื—ืกื“ ืœืืœืคื™ื, ืฉื”ืžืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ. ื•ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืœื›ืš, ืฉืžื™ ืฉื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืžื™ื“ ืืœื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื˜ืขื” ื•ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื’ืฉื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื™ื“.
ื•ืžื™ ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ื•ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื”, ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืฉื›ืฉืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืคื”, ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื”, ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืชืชื ื” ืฉืื ื”ื™ื ืคื˜ื•ืจื” ืžื›ืš ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืœื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืชืคื™ืœืชื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ื“ื‘ื”.
^ 4.. ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืฉืชืจืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื”. ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืืจ ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ, ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื›ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื‘ืงืฉื”, ื•ืจืง ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืงื™ืจืช ื”ืจืฉืขื•ืช, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืจืืช ืฉืขื”, ืฉืื—ืจ ืฉืชื›ืœื” ื”ืจืฉืขื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ ืฆื•ืจืš, ื ืฉืืจ ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” (ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื” ื—"ื ืขืž' 261).
^ 5.. ืขื™' ืฉื•"ืข ืฆื“, ื”. ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช, ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืคืกื•ืงื•ืช, ืื• ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื•ืช, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืขืžื•ื“. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ืฉื”ืคื ื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™ื–, 12).
^ 6.. ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ืชื‘ืืจื• ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘, ื-ื”. ื•ืฉื•ื—ื—ืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืขื ื›ืžื” ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ ื ื˜ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืชืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืž"ื ื•ืชืฆื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื ื˜ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืชืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”.
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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